Def: knows more than 1 language in the same modality (Japanese+Englsih: modality writing), and knows more than 1 language in different modality (Jap:speaking+English writing).
Becoming bilingual:
1)simultaneous learning situation-more than 1 L at the same time.
1P-1L, 1P-2L
E.g: A child learns 2 languages at the same time at home when 1 parent speaks BM and one parent speaks Eng.
2)Sequential learning situation-intro to 2ndL after 1stL has been introduced (possibility: through different stage of acquisition)
E.g: situation with children of immigrants
Transfer effect of L1 on L2 learning-Not every pair of languages can be expected to be acquired at the same rate
1. similarity of syntax
2. similarity of vocab
3. sound system
Language shift: happens when a community abandon their native language and collectively shift to speaking another one instead.
-It can happen slowly or rapidly.
-Happens when 2 cultures/population with differnt languages conme into intense conatact =those who shift are the weaker/minority group (tupically), sometimes majority shift language.
Language Loss:loss of langauge due to langauge standardization, lack of respect for the dialect or culture
= dialect loss
E.g: England is dialect-hostile, made standard English a compulsory-no dialect.
Language Death: complete dissaperance of a language.
-usually a gradual process.
Types of Language death:1. Sudden: all speakers are killed or dead.
E.g: Tasmanian case.
2. Radical- under threat and political repression, or genocide (Nez Perce).
3. Gradual-minority languages dies out in contact with socially dominant language.
4. Bottom-to-top: survives only in a few contexts (e.g: Latin; liturgical use)
Revitalization languages:Refers to any deliberate effort to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or learned at home
1. corpus planning
-modernization of lexicon (vocab)
-implement writing system
2. status planning
-build lay loyalty
-accept lanaguage in broader range of social functions
